Psychology the Science of Mind and Behaviour 3rd Edition by Michael W. Passer, ISBN-13: 978-1760422790

[PDF eBook eTextbook] – – Available Instantly

• Publisher: ‎ McGraw-Hill Education / Australia (September 23, 2018)
• Language: ‎ English
• 905 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1760422797
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1760422790

“Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior” imparts students with a scientific understanding of the field of psychology while showing them the impact on their day-to-day existence. A simple conceptual framework within the text emphasizes relations between biological, psychological, and environmental levels of analysis and portrays the focus of modern psychology. Through a variety of features, the text challenges students to think critically about psychology as a science and its impact on their lives.To help students study more effectively and efficiently, a groundbreaking adaptive questioning diagnostic and personalized study plan help students “know what they know” while guiding them to master these concepts through engaging interactivities, exercises, and readings.

Table of Contents:

Front Matter
Psychology
The science of mind and behaviour
Psychology
The science of mind and behaviour
Copyright
Contents in brief
Contents
Preface
Following where the science leads . . . to critical examination
About the authors
MICHAEL W. PASSER
RONALD E. SMITH
About the local authors
FELICITY ALLEN
SIMON BOAG
JEROEN VAN BOXTEL
EMILY CASTELL
SARAH COWIE
MARK EDWARDS
DARREN GARVEY
CHARINI GUNARATNE
NICHOLAS HARRIS
MARK KOHLER
ANDREW J. LEWIS
JACQUI MACDONALD
BEN MORRISON
NATALIE MORRISON
KIMBERLEY NORRIS
CON STOUGH
MARIANNA SZABÓ
CAROLYN WILSHIRE
Acknowledgements
REVIEWERS
DIGITAL CONTRIBUTORS
Connect
Proven effective
Connect support
Visual Progress
Adaptive learning
SmartBook
LearnSmart
Digital resources
INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES
VIDEO AND ANIMATION QUIZZES
POWER OF PROCESS
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
Text at a glance
DEVELOPED FOR AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS BY AUSTRALIAN AUTHORS
CRITICAL EXAMINATION
SUPPORTING STUDENT LEARNING
Case matrix
Chapter 1 The science of psychology
Introduction
LO 1.1 The nature of psychology
Psychology’s scientific approach
Understanding behaviour: some pitfalls of everyday approaches
Using science to minimise everyday pitfalls
Thinking critically about behaviour
The jumbled-word challenge
Of astrology and asstrology: potential costs of uncritical thinking
Goals of psychology
Basic and applied research
Psychology’s broad scope: a simple framework
Mind–body and nature–nurture interactions
LO 1.2 Perspectives on behaviour
Psychology’s intellectual roots
Early schools: structuralism and functionalism
The psychodynamic perspective: the forces within
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s great challenge
Modern psychodynamic theory
The behavioural perspective: the power of the environment
Origins of the behavioural perspective
Behaviourism
Cognitive behaviourism
The humanistic perspective: self-actualisation and positive psychology
The cognitive perspective: the thinking human
Origins of the cognitive perspective
Renewed interest in the mind
The modern cognitive perspective
The sociocultural perspective: the embedded human
The social psychological component
The cultural component
The biological perspective: the brain, genes and evolution
Behavioural neuroscience
Behaviour genetics
Evolutionary psychology
LO 1.3 Using levels of analysis to integrate the perspectives
An example: understanding depression
Summary of major themes
LO 1.4 Psychology today
A global science and profession
Psychology, society and your life
Example 1: Fly the friendly skies … safely
Example 2: President Obama’s ‘behavioral dream team’
Psychology and public policy
Applying psychology to your life
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Graduate spotlight
Chapter 2 Studying behaviour scientifically
Introduction
LO 2.1 Scientific principles in psychology
Scientific attitudes
Gathering evidence: steps in the scientific process
Two approaches to understanding behaviour
Hindsight (after-the-fact understanding)
Understanding through prediction, control and theory building
Defining and measuring variables
Self-reports and reports by others
Measures of overt behaviour
Psychological tests
Physiological measures
LO 2.2 Ethical principles in research
Ethical standards in human research
Ethical standards in animal research
LO 2.3 Methods of research
Descriptive research: recording events
Case studies: the Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome
Naturalistic observation: bullies in the schoolyard
Survey research: adolescents’ early exposure to alcohol
Correlational research: measuring associations between events
Correlation does not establish causation
The correlation coefficient
Correlation as a basis for prediction
Experiments: examining cause and effect
Independent and dependent variables
Experimental and control groups
Two basic ways to design an experiment
Manipulating two independent variables: effects of mobile phone use and traffic density on driving performance
LO 2.4 Threats to the validity of research
Confounding of variables
Placebo effects
Experimenter expectancy effects
Replicating and generalising the findings
LO 2.5 Analysing and interpreting data
Being a smart consumer of statistics
Using statistics to describe data
Measures of central tendency
Measures of variability
Using statistics to make inferences
Meta-analysis: combining the results of many studies
LO 2.6 Critical thinking in science and everyday life
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Should you trust internet and pop media surveys?
Does eating ice-cream cause people to drown?
Chapter 3 Genes, environment and behaviour
Introduction
LO 3.1 Genetic influences on behaviour
Chromosomes and genes
Dominant, recessive and polygenic effects
The human genome
A genetic map of the brain
Epigenetics
Behaviour genetics
Family, adoption and twin studies
Heritability: estimating genetic influence
LO 3.2 The role of learning in adapting to the environment
How do we learn? The search for mechanisms
Why do we learn? The search for functions
Learning and evolution
Shared and unshared environments
LO 3.3 Behaviour genetics, intelligence and personality
Genes, environment and intelligence
Heritability of intelligence
Environmental factors
Heritability of personality
Environment and personality development
LO 3.4 Gene-environment interactions
How the environment can influence gene expression
How genes can influence the environment
LO 3.5 Evolution, culture and behaviour
Evolution of adaptive mechanisms
Natural selection
Evolution and human nature
Sexuality and mate preferences
Evolution and human individuality
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Natural selection and genetic diseases
Graduate spotlight
Chapter 4 The brain and behaviour
Introduction
LO 4.1 Neurons
The electrical activity of neurons
Nerve impulses: the action potential
LO 4.2 How neurons communicate: synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters
Specialised neurotransmitter systems
LO 4.3 The nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
The somatic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system
The central nervous system
The spinal cord
The brain
Unlocking the secrets of the brain
LO 4.4 Interactions with the endocrine system
LO 4.5 Structures and behavioural functions of the brain
The forebrain
The cerebral cortex
The thalamus: the brain’s sensory switchboard
The hypothalamus: motivation and emotion
The limbic system: memory, emotion and goal-directed behaviour
The midbrain
The reticular formation: the brain’s gatekeeper
The brain stem: life-support systems
The cerebellum: motor-coordination centre
LO 4.6 Hemispheric lateralisation: the left and right brains
LO 4.7 Plasticity in the brain: the role of experience and the recovery of function
How experience influences brain development
Healing the nervous system
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Left-brained versus right-brained
Chapter 5 Sensation and perception
Introduction
LO 5.1 Sensory processes
Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold
The difference threshold
Sensory adaptation
LO 5.2 Vision
The human eye
Photoreceptors: the rods and cones
Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses
Brightness vision and dark adaptation
Colour vision
The trichromatic theory
Opponent-process theory
Dual processes in colour transduction
Colour-deficient vision
Analysis and reconstruction of visual images
LO 5.3 Audition
Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses
Coding of pitch and loudness
Sound localisation
Hearing loss
LO 5.4 Taste and smell: the chemical senses
Gustation: the sense of taste
Olfaction: the sense of smell
LO 5.5 The skin and body senses
The tactile senses
Pain
Spinal and brain mechanisms
The endorphins
The body senses
LO 5.6 Perception: the creation of experience
Perception is selective: the role of attention
Inattentional blindness
Environmental and personal factors in attention
Perceptions have organisation and structure
Gestalt principles of perceptual organisation
Perception involves hypothesis testing
Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets
Percepts are stable under changing viewing conditions: perceptual constancies
LO 5.7 Perception of depth, distance and movement
Depth and distance perception
Monocular depth cues
Binocular depth cues
Perception of motion
LO 5.8 Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses
LO 5.9 Experience, critical periods and perceptual development
Cross-cultural research on perception
Critical periods: the role of early experience
Restored sensory capacity
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Navigating in fog: Professor Mayer’s topophone
Why does that rising moon look so big?
Explain this striking illusion
Graduate spotlight
Chapter 6 States of consciousness
Introduction
LO 6.1 The puzzle of consciousness
What is consciousness?
How to define consciousness?
Are there different kinds of consciousness?
Consciousness vs. self-consciousness
Mind–body problem
Free will
Characteristics of consciousness
Why do we have consciousness contents?
Levels of consciousness
The Freudian viewpoint
The cognitive viewpoint
Measuring contents of consciousness
Behavioural measurements of unconscious influences
Priming
The emotional unconscious
a
Attention and consciousness
The neural basis of consciousness
Perception and action pathways in the brain
Neural correlates of consciousness
Consciousness as a global workspace
Integrated information theory
Neurophysiological disorders and consciousness
Visual agnosia
Blindsight
Hemispatial neglect
Hallucinations
Disorders of consciousness
Coma
Vegetative state
Minimally conscious state
Locked-in syndrome
Brain activity and disorders of consciousness
Brain metabolism
Brain activity in response to commands
Response-free measures of consciousness
LO 6.2 Sleep and dreaming
Stages of sleep
Stage 1 through to stage 4
REM sleep
Getting a night’s sleep: from brain to culture
How much do we sleep?
Sleep deprivation
The use of sleep
The nature of dreams
When do we dream?
What do we dream about?
a
Why do we dream?
LO 6.3 Drug-induced states
Drugs and the brain
How drugs facilitate synaptic transmission
How drugs inhibit synaptic transmission
Drug tolerance and dependence
Depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates and tranquillisers
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
Misconceptions about marijuana
From genes to culture: determinants of drug effects
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Environmental factors
LO 6.4 Hypnosis
The scientific study of hypnosis
Hypnotic behaviours and experiences
Involuntary control and behaving against one’s will
Amazing feats
Pain tolerance
Hypnotic amnesia
Theories of hypnosis
Dissociation theories
Social-cognitive theories
The hypnotised brain
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Hypnosis and amazing feats
Chapter 7 Learning: the role of experience
Introduction
LO 7.1 Adapting to the environment
LO 7.2 Classical conditioning: associating one stimulus with another
Pavlov’s pioneering research
Basic principles
Acquisition
Extinction and spontaneous recovery
Generalisation and discrimination
Higher-order conditioning
Applications of classical conditioning
Acquiring and overcoming fear
Attraction and aversion
Sickness and health
LO 7.3 Operant conditioning: learning through consequences
Thorndike’s law of effect
Skinner’s analysis of operant conditioning
Distinguishing operant from classical conditioning
Antecedent conditions: identifying when to respond
Consequences: determining how to respond
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Operant extinction
Aversive punishment
Response cost
Immediate, delayed and reciprocal consequences
Uncovering the principles of behaviour in the lab
a
Shaping and chaining: taking one step at a time
Shaping and coaching
Generalisation and discrimination
Schedules of reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Reinforcement schedules, learning and extinction
Using extinction and reinforcers to stop challenging behaviours
Escape and avoidance conditioning
Applications of operant conditioning
Specialised animal training
Education and the workplace
Modifying problem behaviours
LO 7.4 Crossroads of conditioning
Biological constraints: evolution and preparedness
Constraints on classical conditioning: learned taste aversions
Are we biologically prepared to fear certain things?
Constraints on operant conditioning: animals that ‘won’t shape up’
Cognition and conditioning
Cognition in classical conditioning
Cognition in operant conditioning
LO 7.5 Observational learning: when others show the way
Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
The modelling process and self-efficacy
Imitation of aggression and prosocial behaviour
Applications of observational learning
LO 7.6 The adaptive brain
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Why did Carol’s car phobia persist?
Was the ‘Little Albert’ study ethical?
Identifying the consequences for sporting performance
Can you explain the ‘supermarket tantrum’?
Chapter 8 Memory
Introduction
LO 8.1 Memory as information processing
A three-stage model
Sensory memory
Working/short-term memory
Long-term memory
LO 8.2 Encoding: entering information
Effortful and automatic processing
Levels of processing: when deeper is better
Exposure and rehearsal
Organisation and imagery
Hierarchies and chunking
Visual imagery
Mnemonic devices
How prior knowledge shapes encoding
Schemas: our mental organisers
Schemas, encoding and expertise
LO 8.3 Storage: retaining information
Memory as a network
Associative networks
Neural networks
Types of long-term memory
Declarative and procedural memory
Explicit and implicit memory
LO 8.4 Retrieval: accessing information
The value of multiple cues
The value of distinctiveness
Arousal, emotion and memory
The effects of context, state and mood on memory
Context-dependent memory: returning to the scene
State-dependent memory: arousal, drugs and mood
LO 8.5 Forgetting
The course of forgetting
Why do we forget?
Encoding failure
Decay of the memory trace
Interference
Motivated forgetting
Forgetting to do things: prospective memory
Amnesia
Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
Alcohol and memory
Infantile (childhood) amnesia
LO 8.6 Memory as a constructive process
Memory distortion and schemas
Misinformation effects and eyewitness testimony
Source confusion
The child as eyewitness
Accuracy and suggestibility
True versus false reports: can professionals tell them apart?
The recovered-memory controversy
Culture and memory construction
LO 8.7 Memory and the brain
Where are memories formed and stored?
Sensory and working memory
Long-term memory
How are memories formed?
Synaptic change and memory
Long-term potentiation
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Would perfect memory be a gift or a curse?
Chapter 9 Language and thinking
Introduction
LO 9.1 The structure of language
Phonemes
Morphemes
Words, phrases and sentences
Discourse
The generativity of human language
LO 9.2 Understanding and producing speech
Understanding speech
Perceiving phonemes
Segmenting the speech signal
Recognising words and extracting meaning
Brain regions involved in speech comprehension
Producing speech
Retrieving and producing words
Constructing sentences
LO 9.3 Acquiring a first language
Developmental timetable
Is there a critical period for acquiring a first language?
LO 9.4 Reading
Dyslexia
LO 9.5 Bilingualism and second language acquisition
How important is age when it comes to learning a second language?
What impact does bilingualism have on a child?
When should we teach a second language?
Language and thought
LO 9.6 Thinking and cognition
Thought and cognition
Thinking and reasoning
LO 9.7 The limits of reasoning
Why do we sometimes make mistakes?
Heuristics
LO 9.8 Expertise and automaticity
Schemas and scripts
Is there a cost to expertise?
People with special expertise
LO 9.9 The role of emotion in decision-making
Metacognition: knowing your own cognitive abilities
Wisdom
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Speaking two languages: a blessing or a curse?
Chapter 10 Intelligence
Introduction
LO 10.1 Intelligence from a historical perspective
Sir Francis Galton: quantifying mental ability
Alfred Binet’s mental tests
Binet’s legacy: an intelligence-testing industry emerges
LO 10.2 The nature of intelligence
The psychometric approach: the structure of intellect
Factor analysis: an essential tool
The g factor: intelligence as general mental capacity
Intelligence as specific mental abilities
Crystallised and fluid intelligence
Carroll’s three-stratum model: a modern synthesis
Cognitive process approaches: the nature of intelligent thinking
Broader conceptions of intelligence: beyond mental competencies
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Personal and emotional intelligence
LO 10.3 The measurement of intelligence
Increasing the informational yield from intelligence tests
Should we test for aptitude or achievement?
Psychometric standards for intelligence tests
Reliability
Validity
Standardisation
Assessing intelligence in non-Western cultures
LO 10.4 Heredity, environment and intelligence
LO 10.5 Group differences in intelligence
Ethnic group differences
Are the tests biased?
What factors underlie the differences?
Sex differences in cognitive abilities
Beliefs, expectations and cognitive performance
LO 10.6 Extremes of intelligence
The intellectually gifted
Intellectual disability
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Are gifted children maladjusted?
Graduate spotlight
Chapter 11 Motivation and emotion
Introduction
LO 11.1 Motivation
Perspectives on motivation
Evolution, instincts and genes
Homeostasis and drives
Approach and avoidance motivation: the BAS and BIS
Cognitive processes: incentives and expectancies
Psychodynamic views
Maslow’s need hierarchy
Self-determination theory
LO 11.2 Hunger and weight regulation
The physiology of hunger
Signals that start and terminate a meal
Signals that regulate general appetite and weight
Brain mechanisms
Psychological aspects of hunger
Environmental and cultural factors
Obesity
Genes and environment
Dieting and weight loss
Eating disorders: anorexia and bulimia
Causes of anorexia and bulimia
LO 11.3 Sexual motivation
Sexual behaviour: patterns and changes
The physiology of sex
The sexual response cycle
Hormonal influences
The psychology of sex
Cultural and environmental influences
Arousing environmental stimuli
Sexual orientation
Prevalence of different sexual orientations
Determinants of sexual orientation
LO 11.4 Achievement motivation and motivational conflict
Motive for success and fear of failure
Achievement goal theory
Achievement goal orientations
Motivational climate
Family, culture and achievement needs
Motivational conflict
LO 11.5 Emotion
The nature of emotions
Eliciting stimuli
The cognitive component
The physiological component
The behavioural component
LO 11.6 Theories of emotion
The James-Lange somatic theory
The Cannon-Bard theory
The role of autonomic feedback
The role of expressive behaviours
Cognitive-affective theories
LO 11.7 Happiness
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Is Maslow’s need hierarchy valid?
Chapter 12 Development over the life span
Introduction
LO 12.1 Major issues and methods
Life-span development: a guiding model
LO 12.2 Prenatal development
Genetics and sex determination
Environmental influences
LO 12.3 Infancy and childhood
The amazing newborn
Sensory capabilities and perceptual preferences
Reflexes
Learning
Physical development
The young brain
Environmental and cultural influences
Cognitive development
Piaget’s stage model
Assessing Piaget’s theory: stages, ages and culture
The social context of cognitive development
Information-processing approaches
Social-emotional and personality development
Early emotions and emotion regulation
Social skill development
Temperament
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Attachment
Attachment deprivation
The childcare controversy
Styles of parenting
Interactions between parenting and genetic makeup
Gender identity and socialisation
Moral development
Moral thinking
Culture, gender and moral reasoning
Moral behaviour and conscience
LO 12.4 Adolescence and adulthood
Physical development
Puberty
The adolescent brain
Physical development in adulthood
The adult brain
Cognitive development
Reasoning and information processing in adolescence
Information processing in adulthood
Intellectual changes in adulthood
The growth of wisdom?
Cognitive impairment in old age
Social-emotional development
Adolescents’ search for identity
Relationships with parents and peers
The transition to adulthood
Emerging adulthood beliefs across cultures
Stages versus critical events in adulthood
Marriage and family
Establishing a career
Midlife crisis: fact or fiction?
Retirement and the ‘golden years’
Death and dying
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Can you describe your personal ecology?
Advice to a friend with young children regarding divorce
Do Erikson’s stages describe your psychosocial development accurately?
Chapter 13 Personality
Introduction
LO 13.1 What is personality?
LO 13.2 The psychodynamic perspective
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Conscious, preconscious and unconscious mental events
The structure of personality
Conflict, anxiety and defence
Psychosexual development
Neoanalytic and object relations approaches
Adult attachment styles
Evaluating the psychodynamic approach
LO 13.3 The phenomenological-humanistic perspective
George Kelly’s personal construct theory
Carl Rogers’s theory of the self
The self
The need for positive regard
Fully functioning persons
Research on the self
Self-esteem
Self-verification and self-enhancement motives
Evaluating the phenomenological-humanistic approach
LO 13.4 The trait perspective: mapping the structure of personality
Factor analytic approaches
Cattell’s 16 personality factors
The Five Factor Model
Stability of personality traits over time
Consistency across situations
Evaluating the trait approach
LO 13.5 Biological foundations of personality
Genetics and personality
Personality and the nervous system
Eysenck’s extraversion-stability model
Temperament: building blocks of personality
Evaluating the biological approach
LO 13.6 The social-cognitive perspective
Julian Rotter: expectancy, reinforcement value and locus of control
Locus of control
Albert Bandura: social learning and self-efficacy
Self-efficacy
Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda: the cognitive-affective personality system
Encodings and personal constructs
Expectancies and beliefs
Goals and values
Affects (emotions)
Competencies and self-regulation processes
Reconciling personality coherence with behavioural inconsistency
Evaluating social-cognitive theories
LO 13.7 Culture, gender and personality
Culture differences
Gender schemas
LO 13.8 Personality assessment
Interviews
Behavioural assessment
Remote behaviour sampling
Personality scales
Projective tests
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Is self-actualisation a useful scientific construct?
Chapter 14 Health and well-being
Introduction
LO 14.1 Behavioural foundations of health
Exercise
Obesity
Health-threatening behaviours
Type A behaviour pattern
Risky sexual behaviours
Sexually transmitted diseases
Substance abuse
Interventions for substance abuse
How people change: the transtheoretical model
Maintaining positive change: relapse prevention
LO 14.2 Stress and well-being
Stressors
Measuring stressful life events
The stress response: a mind–body link
Cognitive appraisals
Physiological responses
Effects of stress on well-being
Stress and psychological well-being
Stress and illness
Stress and the immune system
LO 14.3 Resilience: facing down adversity
Social support
Coping self-efficacy and perceived control
Optimism and positive attitudes
Trauma disclosure and emotional expressiveness
Finding meaning in stressful life events
Coping strategies
Gender, culture and coping
Effectiveness of coping strategies
Beyond resilience: post-traumatic growth
LO 14.4 Pain and illness
Psychological influences on pain
Cultural factors
Meanings and beliefs
Personality factors
Controlling pain and suffering
Cognitive strategies
Hospital interventions: giving patients informational control
A key behavioural strategy: stay active
Lifestyle changes and medical recovery
LO 14.5 Happiness
How happy are people?
What makes people happy?
Biological and psychological processes
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Do stressful events cause psychological distress?
Chapter 15 Psychological disorders
Introduction
LO 15.1 The nature of psychological disorders
What is ‘abnormal’?
LO 15.2 Historical perspectives on abnormal behaviour
LO 15.3 Anxiety and related disorders
Phobic disorders: specific phobias, social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and agoraphobia
a
Panic disorder
Generalised anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Causal factors in anxiety and related disorders
Biological factors
a
LO 15.4 Somatic symptom and dissociative disorders: anxiety inferred
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Dissociative disorders
Dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder
What causes DID?
LO 15.5 Depressive and bipolar disorders
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Prevalence and course of mood disorders
Causal factors in depressive and bipolar disorders
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Sociocultural factors
LO 15.6 Schizophrenia
Characteristics of schizophrenia
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Causal factors in schizophrenia
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Environmental factors
Sociocultural factors
LO 15.7 Personality disorders
Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy
Causal factors
Borderline personality disorder
Causal factors
Categorical and dimensional approaches to personality disorders
LO 15.8 Childhood disorders
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Causal factors
LO 15.9 Scientific and social issues in diagnosis
Consequences of diagnostic labelling
Social and personal consequences
Legal consequences
A closing thought
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
‘Do I have that disorder?’
Graduate spotlight
Chapter 16 Treatment of psychological disorders
Introduction
LO 16.1 Psychological treatments
LO 16.2 Psychodynamic therapies
Psychoanalysis
Free association
Dream interpretation
Resistance
Transference
Interpretation
Brief psychodynamic and interpersonal therapies
LO 16.3 Humanistic psychotherapies
Person-centred therapy
Gestalt therapy
LO 16.4 Cognitive therapies
Ellis’s rational–emotive therapy
Beck’s cognitive therapy
LO 16.5 Behaviour therapies
Exposure: an extinction approach
Systematic desensitisation: a counterconditioning approach
Aversion therapy
Operant conditioning treatments
Positive reinforcement techniques
Therapeutic application of punishment
Behavioural activation therapy for depression
Modelling and social skills training
LO 16.6 The ‘third wave’ of cognitive-behavioural therapies
Mindfulness-based treatments
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Dialectical behaviour therapy
LO 16.7 Group, family and couples therapies
Family therapy
Couples therapy
LO 16.8 Cultural and gender issues in psychotherapy
Cultural factors in treatment usage
Gender issues in therapy
LO 16.9 Biological approaches to treatment
Drug therapies
Antipsychotic drugs
Antianxiety drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy
Other non-surgical treatments
Psychosurgery
Mind, body and therapeutic interventions
LO 16.10 Evaluating treatments
Psychotherapy research methods
Randomised clinical trials
Meta-analysis: a look at the big picture
Survey research
Factors affecting the outcome of therapy
Client variables
Therapist and technique variables
Common factors
LO 16.11 Psychological disorders and society
Deinstitutionalisation
Mental health treatment in today’s health-care environment
Preventive mental health
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Do survey results provide an accurate picture of treatment effectiveness?
Chapter 17 Social thinking and behaviour
Introduction
LO 17.1 Social thinking
Attribution: perceiving the causes of behaviour
Personal versus situational attributions
Attributional biases
Culture and attribution
Forming and maintaining impressions
How important are first impressions?
Seeing what we expect to see
Creating what we expect to see
Attitudes and attitude change
Do our attitudes influence our behaviour?
Does our behaviour influence our attitudes?
Persuasion
LO 17.2 Social influence
Norms, conformity and obedience
Norm formation and culture
Why do people conform?
Factors that affect conformity
Minority influence
Obedience to authority
Factors that influence obedience
Would people obey today?
Lessons learned
Detecting and resisting compliance techniques
Behaviour in groups
Social loafing
Group polarisation
Groupthink
Deindividuation
LO 17.3 Social relations
Attraction: liking and loving others
Initial attraction: proximity, mere exposure and similarity
Spellbound by beauty
As attraction deepens: close relationships
Sociocultural and evolutionary views
Ostracism: rejection hurts
Prejudice: bias against others
Explicit and implicit prejudice
Cognitive roots of prejudice
Motivational roots of prejudice
How prejudice confirms itself
Reducing prejudice
Why do people help?
When do people help?
Whom do people help?
Increasing prosocial behaviour
Aggression: harming others
Biological factors in aggression
Environmental stimuli and learning
Psychological factors in aggression
Media violence and aggression
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Do women differ from men in obedience?
Does pure altruism really exist?
Chapter 18 Indigenous and cross-cultural psychology
Introduction
LO 18.1 Introducing this chapter
Structure of the chapter
LO 18.2 Defining cross-cultural psychology
Describing ‘critical reflection’
Cultural competence
Developing cultural competence
Considering ‘power’
Describing ‘culture’
Psychology in China
Enculturation, acculturation and cultural adaptation
Enculturation
Acculturation
Cultural adaptation
LO 18.3 Multiculturalism and race
Policy approaches to managing difference
Fact or fantasy?
Unpacking ‘Indigenous’
Race and culture
Do ‘races’ exist?
LO 18.4 Cross-cultural psychology
Cultural differences in communication: ‘An academic walks into a cafeteria . . .’
Considering differences across the world
Implications of working multiculturally
Implications for clinical practice: a need to examine systemic and therapeutic assumptions
Implications for research: considering methodology, power and the framing of questions
Cultural differences, racism and mental illness: where social justice issues have been negated
LO 18.5 Indigenous psychology
The role of psychologists with Indigenous Australians: ‘But it’s all too much!’
Cultural consultants
LO 18.6 Indigenous research
Social research and knowledge production: by whom, how and for what purpose?
Methodology: yarning as an emerging method in Indigenous and cross-cultural research
LO 18.7 Levels of analysis
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Review questions
Thinking critically solutions
Locating yourself
The object of fantasy
Appendix (online)
Statistics in psychology
Measures of variability
The normal curve
Statistical methods for data analysis
Accounting for variance in behaviour
Correlational methods
The correlation coefficient
Correlation and prediction
Factor analysis
Inferential statistics and hypothesis testing
Chapter summary
Key terms and concepts
Glossary
References
Index

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