Chemistry in Focus: A Molecular View of Our World 7th Edition by Nivaldo J. Tro, ISBN-13: 978-1337399692

[PDF eBook eTextbook] – Available Instantly

• Publisher: ‎ Cengage Learning; 7th edition (January 1, 2018)
• Language: ‎ English
• 576 pages
• ISBN-10: 1337399698
  
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1337399692

Succeed in the course and connect with the molecular world with the Seventh Edition of CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS. Thoroughly updated with the latest research and developments, this easy-to-understand book emphasizes the fundamental role the molecular world plays in your daily life. By clearly identifying and explaining connections between atoms and molecules and the world we experience, the book helps you understand the major scientific, technological, and environmental issues affecting our society today. The book’s innovative study aids, such as Self-Check questions, OWLv2 Adaptive Study Plans, and new online “Big Picture” videos will help you every step of the way as you master the concepts of the course.

Table of Contents:

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Sixth Edition Reviewers
Fifth Edition Reviewers
Fourth Edition Reviewers
Chapter 1. Molecular Reasons
1.1. Firesticks
1.2. Molecular Reasons
1.3. The Scientist and the Artist
Self-Check 1.1.
1.4. The First People to Wonder About Molecular Reasons
1.5. Immortality and Endless Riches
1.6. The Beginning of Modern Science
1.7. The Classification of Matter
Classifying Matter by Its Composition
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Classifying Matter by Its State
Self-Check 1.2.
1.8. The Properties of Matter
Self-Check 1.3.
1.9. The Development of the Atomic Theory
The Conservation of Mass
The Atomic Theory
1.10. The Nuclear Atom
Self-Check 1.4.
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–The Scientific Method
Exercises: Problems–The Classification of Matter
Exercises: Problems–The Properties of Matter
Exercises: Problems–The Development of the Atomic Theory
Exercises: Problems–The Nuclear Theory of the Atom
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 2. The Chemist’s Toolbox
2.1. Curious About Oranges
2.2. Measurement
Expressing Uncertainty in Measured Quantities
Self-Check 2.1.
2.3. Scientific Notation
Self-Check 2.2.
2.4. Units in Measurement
Length
Prefix Multipliers
Mass
Time
Volume
2.5. Converting Between Units
Self-Check 2.3.
2.6. Reading Graphs
Extracting Information from Graphical Data
2.7. Problem Solving
2.8. Density: A Measure of Compactness
Density as a Conversion Factor
Self-Check 2.4.
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Scientific Notation
Exercises: Problems–Unit Conversions
Exercises: Problems–Reading Graphs
Exercises: Problems–Density
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements
3.1. A Walk on the Beach
3.2. Protons Determine the Element
Self-Check 3.1.
3.3. Electrons
3.4. Neutrons
3.5. Specifying an Atom
Self-Check 3.2.
Self-Check 3.3.
3.6. Atomic Mass
Calculating Atomic Mass
Self-Check 3.4.
3.7. The Periodic Law
3.8. A Theory That Explains the Periodic Law: The Bohr Model
Self-Check 3.5.
Self-Check 3.6.
3.9. The Quantum Mechanical Model for the Atom
Self-Check 3.7.
3.10. Families of Elements
Molecular Elements
3.11. A Dozen Nails and a Mole of Atoms
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Protons, Electrons, and Ions
Exercises: Problems–Isotopes
Exercises: Problems–The Bohr Model and Valence Electrons
Exercises: Problems–Families of Elements and Valence Electrons
Exercises: Problems–Atomic Mass
Exercises: Problems–The Mole Concept
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 4. Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Reactions
4.1. Molecules Cause the Behavior of Matter
4.2. Chemical Compounds and Chemical Formulas
Chemical Formulas
4.3. Ionic and Molecular Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Molecular Compounds
Self-Check 4.1.
4.4. Naming Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds
Naming Molecular Compounds
Self-Check 4.2.
Self-Check 4.3.
4.5. Formula Mass and Molar Mass of Compounds
Molar Mass
4.6. Composition of Compounds: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
Self-Check 4.4.
4.7. Forming and Transforming Compounds: Chemical Reactions
The Chemical Equation
4.8. Reaction Stoichiometry: Chemical Equations as Conversion Factors
Making Pizza and Making Molecules
Self-Check 4.5.
Self-Check 4.6.
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Chemical Formulas
Exercises: Problems–Naming Compounds
Exercises: Problems–Formula Mass
Exercises: Problems–Mole Conversions
Exercises: Problems–Chemical Composition
Exercises: Problems–Balancing Chemical Equations
Exercises: Problems–Reaction Stoichiometry
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 5. Chemical Bonding
5.1. From Poison to Seasoning
5.2. Chemical Bonding and Professor G. N. Lewis
Self-Check 5.1.
5.3. Ionic Lewis Structures
5.4. Covalent Lewis Structures
Multiple Bonds
Steps for Writing Lewis Structures
Self-Check 5.2.
Self-Check 5.3.
5.5. Chemical Bonding in Ozone
5.6. The Shapes of Molecules
Multiple Bonds and Molecular Shapes
Self-Check 5.4.
5.7. Water: Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
Self-Check 5.5.
Self-Check 5.6.
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Lewis Structures for Atoms
Exercises: Problems–Ionic Lewis Structures
Exercises: Problems–Covalent Lewis Structures
Exercises: Problems–General Lewis Structures
Exercises: Problems–Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
Exercises: Problems–Determining Molecular Polarity
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 6. Organic Chemistry
6.1. Carbon
6.2. A Vital Force
6.3. The Simplest Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Gasoline and Other Fuels
Properties and Uses of Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Self-Check 6.1.
Self-Check 6.2.
6.4. Isomers
6.5. Naming Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Self-Check 6.3.
6.6. Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Kekule’s Dream
6.7. Functionalized Hydrocarbons
6.8. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Pesticides and Solvents
Chlorofluorocarbons: Ozone Eaters
Self-Check 6.4.
6.9. Alcohols: To Drink and to Disinfect
Ethanol
Other Alcohols
6.10. Aldehydes and Ketones: Smoke and Raspberries
6.11. Carboxylic Acids: Vinegar and Bee Stings
Self-Check 6.5.
6.12. Esters and Ethers: Fruit and Anesthesia
Self-Check 6.6.
6.13. Amines: The Smell of Rotten Fish
Self-Check 6.7.
6.14. A Look at a Label
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Hydrocarbon Structures
Exercises: Problems–Naming Hydrocarbons
Exercises: Problems–Drawing Hydrocarbon Structures from Names
Exercises: Problems–Alkene Reactions
Exercises: Problems–Functionalized Hydrocarbons
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 7. Light and Color
7.1. A New England Fall
7.2. Light
Self-Check 7.1.
Self-Check 7.2.
7.3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Self-Check 7.3.
7.4. Excited Electrons
7.5. Identifying Molecules and Atoms with Light
7.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Spectroscopy of the Human Body
7.7. Lasers
Laser Cavities
Solid-State Lasers
Gas Lasers
Dye Lasers
Semiconductor Lasers (Diode Lasers)
7.8. Lasers in Medicine
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Speed of Light
Exercises: Problems–Electromagnetic Spectrum
Exercises: Problems–Wavelength and Frequency
Exercises: Problems–Absorption of Light and Spectroscopy
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 8. Nuclear Chemistry
8.1. A Tragedy
8.2. An Accidental Discovery
8.3. Radioactivity
Alpha ( α ) Radiation
Beta ( β ) Radiation
Gamma ( γ ) Radiation
Self-Check 8.1.
Self-Check 8.2.
Self-Check 8.3.
8.4. Half-Life
Self-Check 8.4.
8.5. Nuclear Fission
Self-Check 8.5.
8.6. The Manhattan Project
8.7. Nuclear Power
Waste Disposal
Nuclear Accidents
Self-Check 8.6.
8.8. Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy
8.9. Fusion
Self-Check 8.7.
8.10. The Effect of Radiation on Human Life
Measuring Exposure
Radon
8.11. Carbon Dating and the Shroud of Turin
8.12. Uranium and the Age of Earth
8.13. Nuclear Medicine
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Writing Nuclear Equations
Exercises: Problems–Half-Life
Exercises: Problems–Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Exercises: Problems–Radiation Exposure
Exercises: Problems–Carbon and Uranium Dating
Exercises: Problems–Nuclear Medicine
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 9. Energy for Today
9.1. Molecules in Motion
9.2. Our Absolute Reliance on Energy
9.3. Energy and Its Transformations: You Cannot Get Something for Nothing
Self-Check 9.1.
9.4. Nature’s Heat Tax: Energy Must Be Dispersed
Self-Check 9.2.
9.5. Units of Energy
Energy
Self-Check 9.3.
9.6. Temperature and Heat Capacity
Temperature
Heat Capacity
Self-Check 9.4.
9.7. Chemistry and Energy
Self-Check 9.5.
9.8. Energy for Our Society
9.9. Electricity from Fossil Fuels
9.10. Smog
Carbon Monoxide: Making the Heart Work Harder
Nitrogen Oxides: The Brown Color of Polluted Air
Ozone and PAN: Stinging Eyes and Cracked Rubber
Catalytic Converters
9.11. Acid Rain
Damage to Lakes and Streams
Damage to Building Materials
Damage to Forests and Reduced Visibility
9.12. Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil-Fuel Use: Global Warming
Steps to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Energy Units
Exercises: Problems–Temperature Units
Exercises: Problems–Chemical Reactions and Energy
Exercises: Problems–Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 10. Energy for Tomorrow: Solar and Other Renewable Energy Sources
10.1. Earth’s Ultimate Energy Source: The Sun
10.2. Hydroelectric Power: The World’s Most Used Solar Energy Source
10.3. Wind Power
10.4. Concentrating Solar Power: Focusing and Storing the Sun
Solar Power Towers
Parabolic Troughs
Dish/Engine
10.5. Photovoltaic Energy: From Light to Electricity with No Moving Parts
Self-Check 10.1.
10.6. Energy Storage: The Plague of Solar Sources
10.7. Biomass: Energy from Plants
10.8. Geothermal Power
10.9. Nuclear Power
10.10. Efficiency and Conservation
10.11. 2050 World: A Speculative Glimpse into the Future
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Cost of Power
Exercises: Problems–Efficiency of Solar Power
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 11. The Air Around Us
11.1. Air Bags
11.2. A Gas Is a Swarm of Particles
11.3. Pressure
11.4. The Relationships Between Gas Properties
Volume and Pressure: Boyle’s Law
Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law
Combined Gas Law
Self-Check 11.1.
Self-Check 11.2.
Self-Check 11.3.
11.5. The Atmosphere: What Is in It?
N 2
O 2
CO 2
Argon, Neon, and Helium
11.6. The Atmosphere: A Layered Structure
11.7. Air Pollution: An Environmental Problem in the Troposphere
SO 2
PM-2.5
CO
O 3
NO 2
Pb
11.8. Cleaning Up Air Pollution: The Clean Air Act
11.9. Ozone Depletion: An Environmental Problem in the Stratosphere
Chlorofluorocarbons: Ozone Eaters
Ozone Depletion over the Polar Regions
Global Ozone Depletion
11.10. The Montreal Protocol: The End of Chlorofluorocarbons
11.11. Myths Concerning Ozone Depletion
Myth No. 1— CFCs Are Heavier than Air and Do Not Rise into the Stratosphere
Myth No. 2—Natural Sources, Such as Volcanoes, Add Much More Chlorine to the Stratosphere than CFCs
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Pressure Units
Exercises: Problems–Boyle’s Law
Exercises: Problems–Charles’s Law
Exercises: Problems–Combined Gas Law
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 12. The Liquids and Solids Around Us: Especially Water
12.1. No Gravity, No Spills
12.2. Liquids and Solids
12.3. Separating Molecules: Melting and Boiling
Self-Check 12.1.
Self-Check 12.2.
12.4. The Forces That Hold Us—and Everything Else—Together
Dispersion Force
Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
12.5. Smelling Molecules: The Chemistry of Perfume
Self-Check 12.3.
12.6. Chemists Have Solutions
12.7. Water: An Oddity Among Molecules
12.8. Water: Where Is It and How Did It Get There?
12.9. Water: Pure or Polluted?
12.10. Hard Water: Good for Our Health, Bad for Our Pipes
12.11. Biological Contaminants
12.12. Chemical Contaminants
Organic Contaminants
Inorganic Contaminants
Radioactive Contaminants
Self-Check 12.4.
12.13. Ensuring Good Water Quality: The Safe Drinking Water Act
12.14. Public Water Treatment
12.15. Home Water Treatment
Carbon Filtration
Water Softening
Reverse Osmosis
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Intermolecular Forces
Exercises: Problems–Solution Concentration
Exercises: Problems–Impurities in Water
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 13. Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible for Sour and Bitter
13.1. If It Is Sour, It Is Probably an Acid
13.2. The Properties of Acids: Tasting Sour and Dissolving Metals
Self-Check 13.1.
13.3. The Properties of Bases: Tasting Bitter and Feeling Slippery
13.4. Acids and Bases: Molecular Definitions
13.5. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
Self-Check 13.2.
13.6. Specifying the Concentration of Acids and Bases: The pH Scale
Self-Check 13.3.
13.7. Some Common Acids
Acids in Wines
13.8. Some Common Bases
Baking with Acids and Bases
13.9. Acid Rain: Extra Acidity from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
13.10. Acid Rain: The Effects
Damage to Lakes and Streams
Damage to Building Materials
Damage to Forests and Reduced Visibility
13.11. Cleaning Up Acid Rain: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Acid–Base Reactions
Exercises: Problems–pH of Acid and Base Solutions
Exercises: Problems–Antacids
Exercises: Problems–Acid Rain
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 14. Oxidation and Reduction
14.1. Rust
14.2. Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
Self-Check 14.1.
14.3. Some Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
14.4. Respiration and Photosynthesis
Self-Check 14.2.
14.5. Batteries: Making Electricity with Chemistry
Automobile Batteries
The Common Flashlight Battery
Self-Check 14.3.
14.6. Fuel Cells
14.7. Corrosion: The Chemistry of Rust
14.8. Oxidation, Aging, and Antioxidants
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Oxidation and Reduction
Exercises: Problems–Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Exercises: Problems–Redox Reactions
Exercises: Problems–Batteries
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 15. The Chemistry of Household Products
15.1. Cleaning Clothes with Molecules
15.2. Soap: A Surfactant
15.3. Synthetic Detergents: Surfactants for Hard Water
Self-Check 15.1.
15.4. Laundry-Cleaning Formulations
15.5. Corrosive Cleaners
15.6. Hair Products
Curling Hair
Washing and Conditioning Hair
Coloring Hair
Self-Check 15.2.
15.7. Skin Products
Creams and Lotions
Sunscreens
15.8. Facial Cosmetics
15.9. Perfumes and Deodorants: Producing Pleasant Odors and Eliminating Unpleasant Ones
Perfumes
Deodorants and Antiperspirants
Self-Check 15.3.
15.10. Polymers and Plastics
15.11. Copolymers: Nylon, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Polycarbonate
15.12. Rubber
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Soaps, Hair Products, and Cleaners
Exercises: Problems–Relative Humidity and Perfumes
Exercises: Problems–Polymers
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 16. Biochemistry and Biotechnology
16.1. Brown Hair, Blue Eyes, and Big Mice
16.2. Lipids and Fats
Self-Check 16.1.
16.3. Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Sawdust
Self-Check 16.2.
16.4. Proteins: More Than Muscle
Self-Check 16.3.
16.5. Protein Structure
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary and Quaternary Structure
Self-Check 16.4.
16.6. Some Common Proteins
Hemoglobin
α -Keratin
Lysozyme
Insulin
16.7. Nucleic Acids: The Blueprint for Proteins
DNA Replication: Nature’s Xerox Machine
Protein Synthesis: Building the Blueprint
Viruses and AIDS
Protein and Nucleic Acids Summary
16.8. Recombinant DNA Technology
Pharmaceuticals
Agriculture
Genetic Screening and Disease Therapy
16.9. Cloning
Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Lipids
Exercises: Problems–Carbohydrates
Exercises: Problems–Amino Acids
Exercises: Problems–Distinguishing Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Amino Acids
Exercises: Problems–Peptides
Exercises: Problems–DNA
Exercises: Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 17. Drugs and Medicine: Healing, Helping, and Hurting
17.1. Love and Depression
17.2. Relieving Pain, Reducing Fever, and Lowering Inflammation
Aspirin Substitutes
Self-Check 17.1.
17.3. Killing Microscopic Bugs: Antibiotics
17.4. Antiviral Drugs and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors
Combination Drug Therapy
17.5. Sex Hormones and the Pill
17.6. Steroids
Adrenocortical Steroids
Anabolic Steroids
17.7. Chemicals to Fight Cancer
17.8. Depressants: Drugs That Dull the Mind
Alcohol
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
Inhalants
17.9. Narcotics: Drugs That Diminish Pain
Drugs That Fight Narcotic Overdose and Addiction
Endorphins: The Body’s Own Painkillers
17.10. Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamine
17.11. Legal Stimulants: Caffeine and Nicotine
17.12. Hallucinogenic Drugs: Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
17.13. Marijuana
17.14. Prozac and Zoloft: SSRIs
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Common Pain Relievers
Exercises: Problems–Antibiotics
Exercises: Problems–Drug Toxicity
Exercises: Problems–Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 18. The Chemistry of Food
18.1. You Are What You Eat, Literally
18.2. Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibers
18.3. Proteins
Self-Check 18.1
18.4. Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol
Self-Check 18.2
18.5. Caloric Intake and the First Law: Extra Calories Lead to Fat
Energy Intake
Energy Expended
Energy Stored
Self-Check 18.3
18.6. Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K
Water-Soluble Vitamins: C and B Complex
Self-Check 18.4
18.7. Minerals
The Major Minerals
The Minor Minerals
18.8. Food Additives
Antimicrobial Agents
Antioxidants
Artificial Colors
Artificial Flavors and Flavor Enhancers
Stabilizers
18.9. The Molecules Used to Grow Crops: Fertilizers and Nutrients
18.10. The Molecules Used to Protect Crops: Insecticides and Herbicides
Insecticides
Herbicides
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Caloric Intake
Exercises: Problems–Food Composition
Exercises: Problems–Caloric Expenditure and Weight Gain or Loss
Exercises: Problems–Daily Recommended Intake
Exercises: Problems–Points to Ponder
Feature Problems and Projects
Chapter 19. Nanotechnology
19.1. Extreme Miniaturization
19.2. Really Small: What’s the Big Deal?
19.3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
19.4. Atomic Force Microscope
19.5. Buckyballs—A New Form of Carbon
19.6. Carbon Nanotubes
19.7. Graphene—One-Atom-Thick Material
19.8. Nanomedicine
19.9. Today’s Nanoproducts
Textiles
Bandages
Cosmetics
Glare-Resistant, Fog-Reducing Coatings for Eyeglasses
Light-Emitting Diodes
Self-Cleaning Windows
Blu-Ray DVDs
19.10. Nanoproblems
Summary
Exercises: Questions
Exercises: Problems–Nanotechnology Dimensions
Exercises: Problems–Points to Ponder
Period Table and Other References
Appendix 1. Significant Figures

Nivaldo J. Tro received his BA degree from Westmont College and his PhD degree from Stanford University. He went on to a postdoctoral research position at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1990, he joined the chemistry faculty at Westmont College in Santa Barbara, California. Professor Tro has been honored as Westmont’s outstanding teacher of the year three times (1994, 2001, and 2008). He was named Westmont’s outstanding researcher of the year in 1996. Professor Tro lives in the foothills of Santa Barbara with his wife, Ann, and their four children, Michael, Alicia, Kyle, and Kaden. In his leisure time, Professor Tro likes to spend time with his family in the outdoors. He enjoys running, biking, surfing, and snowboarding.

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